| Peer-Reviewed

Entropy in the Brownian Motion (BM) and Coagulation Background

Received: 7 November 2017     Accepted: 16 November 2017     Published: 28 December 2017
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

This review aims to highlight entropy in the Brownian motion (BM) and coagulation process background. In water treatment processes, pertinent questions relating to entropy, BM, and coagulation are often asked: Since entropy measures disorder of a system, does disorder manifest in polluted water with its stable colloids, microorganisms, molecules and ions? Are BM and molecular agitation favourable to separation processes? Since high salinity (as in seawater) decreases the disorder, would be increasing surface water salinity a convenient water treatment process? This review has found some links between entropy, BM, and coagulation such as: entropy is neither ‘disorder’ nor does it has anything to do with ‘mixed-up things’ like disorderly desks or shuffled cards. This review has also detailed the ordinary physical and chemical events whose spontaneity can be seen to be due to energy dispersing or spreading out. Coagulation/flocculation processes are employed to separate suspended solids from water whenever their natural subsidence rates are too slow to provide effective clarification. Adding salts to simply increase the ionic strength is almost never a practical option and other additives would be used; however, in seawater, where ionic strength is higher due to its proper dissolved salts, coagulation process is easier. Photovoltaically aided distillation process using large basins simulating sea open sky distillation process would be the greenest and healthiest water treatment technology.

Published in Colloid and Surface Science (Volume 2, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.css.20170204.14
Page(s) 143-161
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Entropy, Thermodynamics, Brownian Motion (BM), Coagulation, Water Treatment, Enhanced Coagulation (EC), Rapid Mixing (RM)

References
[1] D. Ghernaout, Environmental principles in the Holy Koran and the Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, Am. J. Environ. Prot. 6 (2017) 75-79.
[2] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, Embodying the chemical water treatment in the green chemistry – A review, Desalination 271 (2011) 1-10.
[3] D. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, Ferrate (VI): In situ generation and water treatment – A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 30 (2011) 319-332.
[4] D. Ghernaout, The best available technology of water/wastewater treatment and seawater desalination: Simulation of the open sky seawater distillation, Green Sustain. Chem. 3 (2013) 68-88.
[5] J. R. W. Warn, A. P. H. Peters, Concise chemical thermodynamics, 2nd Ed., Taylor & Francis e-Library, London, 1996.
[6] J. M. Smith, H. C. Van Ness, M. M. Abbott, Introduction to chemical engineering thermodynamics, 6th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2001.
[7] C. Smith, Environmental physics, Routledge, London, 2001.
[8] D. R. Gaskell, Introduction to the thermodynamics of materials, 4th Ed., Taylor & Francis, New York, 2003.
[9] M. Kaufman, Principles of thermodynamics, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2001.
[10] D. Ghernaout, A. I. Al-Ghonamy, A. Boucherit, B. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, A. A. Mahjoubi, N. A. Elboughdiri, Brownian motion and coagulation process, Am. J. Environ. Prot. 4 (2015) 1-15.
[11] B. Ghernaout, D. Ghernaout, A. Saiba, Algae and cyanotoxins removal by coagulation/flocculation: A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 20 (2010) 133-143.
[12] D. Ghernaout, The hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio vs. dissolved organics removal by coagulation - A review, J. King Saud Univ. – Sci. 26 (2014) 169-180.
[13] A. Saiba, S. Kourdali, B. Ghernaout, D. Ghernaout, In Desalination, from 1987 to 2009, the birth of a new seawater pretreatment process: Electrocoagulation-an overview, Desalin. Water Treat. 16 (2010) 201-217.
[14] D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Application of electrocoagulation in Escherichia Coli culture and two surface waters, Desalination 219 (2008) 118-125.
[15] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, On the concept of the future drinking water treatment plant: Algae harvesting from the algal biomass for biodiesel production––A Review, Desalin. Water Treat. 49 (2012) 1-18.
[16] D. Ghernaout, A. Mariche, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Electromagnetic treatment-bi-electrocoagulation of humic acid in continuous mode using response surface method for its optimization and application on two surface waters, Desalin. Water Treat. 22 (2010) 311-329.
[17] D. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, B. Ghernaout, A review of electrocoagulation as a promising coagulation process for improved organic and inorganic matters removal by electrophoresis and electroflotation, Desalin. Water Treat. 28 (2011) 287-320.
[18] D. Ghernaout, Advanced oxidation phenomena in electrocoagulation process: A myth or a reality?, Desalin. Water Treat. 51 (2013) 7536-7554.
[19] D. Ghernaout, A. I. Al-Ghonamy, M. W. Naceur, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, Influence of operating parameters on electrocoagulation of C. I. disperse yellow 3, J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. 4 (2014) 271-283.
[20] D. Ghernaout, A. I. Al-Ghonamy, S. Irki, A. Grini, M. W. Naceur, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, Decolourization of bromophenol blue by electrocoagulation process, Trends Chem. Eng. 15 (2014) 29-39.
[21] K. Huang, Introduction to statistical physics, Taylor & Francis Inc., New York, 2001.
[22] M. D. Koretsky, Engineering and chemical thermodynamics, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2013.
[23] C. Wu, Thermodynamic cycles, computer-aided design and optimization, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2004.
[24] G. Nicolis, Y. De Decker, Stochastic thermodynamics of Brownian motion, Entropy 19 (2017) 434; doi:10.3390/e19090434.
[25] J. Twidell, T. Weir, Renewable energy resources, 2nd Ed., Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006.
[26] I. Müller, A history of thermodynamics, the doctrine of energy and entropy, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007.
[27] S. I. Sandler, Chemical, biochemical, and engineering thermodynamics, 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2006.
[28] D. M. Harrison, Entropy http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/Harrison/Entropy/Entropy.html (2002) (Accessed on 31/10/17).
[29] http://www.wondermagnet.com/magfaq.html (2003) (Accessed on 31/10/17).
[30] J. Wright, Environmental chemistry, Routledge, London, 2003.
[31] H. P. Myers, Introductory solid state physics, 2nd Ed., Taylor & Francis, New York, 1997.
[32] E. Logan, Jr., Thermodynamics processes and applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1999.
[33] F. Weinhold, Classical and geometrical theory of chemical and phase thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2009.
[34] Y. Demirel, Nonequilibrium thermodynamics: Transport and rate processes in physical, chemical and biological systems, 2nd Ed., Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, 2007.
[35] J. S. Dugdale, Entropy and its physical meaning, Taylor & Francis, London, 1998.
[36] G. F. Naterer, J. A. Camberos, Entropy-based design and analysis of fluids engineering systems, CRC Press (Taylor & Francis), Boca Raton, 2008.
[37] F. L. Lambert, A modern view of entropy, Chemistry 15 (2006) 13-21.
[38] A. P. Sr. Sincero, G. A. Sincero, Physical–chemical treatment of water and wastewater, IWA Publishing & CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2003.
[39] Physics before and after Einstein, M. M. Capria (Ed.), IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2005.
[40] The Center for History of Physics, Einstein – image and impact, http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/, American Institute of Physics (2004) (Accessed on 31/10/17)).
[41] J. Gregory, Particles in water, properties and processes, CRC Press (Taylor & Francis), Boca Raton, 2006.
[42] M. van der Perk, Soil and water contamination, from molecular to catchment scale, Taylor & Francis, London, 2007.
[43] Fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment and in water treatment systems, D. S. Aga (Ed.), CRC Press (Taylor & Francis), Boca Raton, 2008.
[44] D. Ghernaout, Water reuse (WR): The ultimate and vital solution for water supply issues, Intern. J. Sustain. Develop. Res. 3 (2017) 36-46.
[45] A. Rushton, A. S. Ward, R. G. Holdich, Solid-liquid filtration and separation technology, VCH, Weinheim, 1996.
[46] F. Woodard, Industrial waste treatment handbook, Butterworth–Heinemann, Boston, 2001.
[47] D. Ghernaout, A. I. Al-Ghonamy, M. W. Naceur, A. Boucherit, N. A. Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, A. A. Mahjoubi, N. A. Elboughdiri, Controlling coagulation process: From Zeta potential to streaming potential, Am. J. Environ. Prot. 4 (2015) 16-27.
[48] P. D. Abel, Water pollution biology, 2nd Ed., Taylor & Francis Ltd, London, 1996.
[49] K. T. Pickering, L. A. Owen, An introduction to global environmental issues, 2nd Ed., Routledge, New York, 1997.
[50] R. E. Weiner, R. A. Matthews, Environmental engineering, Fourth Edition Butterworth–Heinemann, New York, 2003.
[51] D. L. Russell, Practical wastewater treatment, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2006.
[52] P. Cañizares, F. Martínez, C. Jiménez, C. Sáez, M. A. Rodrigo, Coagulation and electrocoagulation of oil-in-water emulsions, J. Hazard. Mater. 151 (2008) 44-51.
[53] J. Witherspoon, W. Desing, P. Tata, Unit processes and emissions: An overview (Ch. 5), VOC emissions from wastewater treatment plants, characterization, control, and compliance, P. Tata, J. Witherspoon, C. Lue-Hing (Eds.), Lewis Publishers, A CRC Press Company, New York, 2003.
[54] F. R. Spellman, Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations, Lewis Publishers (CRC Press), Boca Raton, 2003.
[55] F. R. Spellman, Mathematics manual for water and wastewater treatment plant operators, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2004.
[56] E. R. Alley, Water quality control handbook, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007.
[57] The Nalco water handbook, 2nd Ed., F. N. Kemmer (Ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
[58] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Saiba, A. Boucherit, A. Kellil, Removal of humic acids by continuous electromagnetic treatment followed by electrocoagulation in batch using aluminium electrodes, Desalination 239 (2009) 295-308.
[59] D. Ghernaout, A. I. Al-Ghonamy, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, M. W. Naceur, F. Z. Benchelighem, A. Boucherit, Electrocoagulation of Direct Brown 2 (DB) and BF Cibacete Blue (CB) using aluminum electrodes, Sep. Sci. Technol. 50 (2015) 1413-1420.
[60] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, On the controversial effect of sodium sulphate as supporting electrolyte on electrocoagulation process: A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 27 (2011) 243-254.
[61] D. Ghernaout, The Holy Koran Revelation: Iron is a “sent down” metal, Am. J. Environ. Prot. 6 (2017) 101-104.
[62] D. Ghernaout, S. Irki, A. Boucherit, Removal of Cu2+ and Cd2+, and humic acid and phenol by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes, Desalin. Water Treat. 52 (2014) 3256-3270.
[63] S. Irki, D. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, Decolourization of Methyl Orange (MO) by Electrocoagulation (EC) using iron electrodes under a magnetic field (MF), Desalin. Water Treat. 79 (2017) 368-377.
[64] D. Belhout, D. Ghernaout, S. Djezzar-Douakh, A. Kellil, Electrocoagulation of Ghrib dam’s water (Algeria) in batch using iron electrodes, Desalin. Water Treat. 16 (2010) 1-9.
[65] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, M. W. Naceur, A. Khelifa, A. Kellil, Study on mechanism of electrocoagulation with iron electrodes in idealised conditions and electrocoagulation of humic acids solution in batch using aluminium electrodes, Desalin. Water Treat. 8 (2009) 91-99.
[66] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, Effect of pH on electrocoagulation of bentonite suspensions in batch using iron electrodes, J. Disper. Sci. Technol. 29 (2008) 1272-1275.
[67] W. Z. Tang, Physicochemical treatment of hazardous wastes, Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, 2004.
[68] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, Sweep flocculation as a second form of charge neutralisation – A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 44 (2012) 15-28.
[69] D. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, Review of coagulation’s rapid mixing for NOM removal, J. Res. Develop. Chem., 2015, DOI: 10.5171/2015.926518.
[70] D. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur and A. Aouabed, On the dependence of chlorine by-products generated species formation of the electrode material and applied charge during electrochemical water treatment, Desalination 270 (2011) 9-22.
[71] D. Ghernaout, S. Moulay, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, M. W. Naceur, A. Boucherit, Coagulation and chlorination of NOM and algae in water treatment: A review, Intern. J. Environ. Monit. Analy. 2 (2014) 23-34.
[72] D. Ghernaout, Water treatment chlorination: An updated mechanistic insight review, Chem. Res. J. 2 (2017) 125-138.
[73] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Natural organic matter removal and enhanced coagulation as a link between coagulation and electrocoagulation, Desalin. Water Treat. 2 (2009) 209-228.
[74] D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, G. Braikia, N. Matâam, M. Fekhar, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, Enhanced coagulation for algae removal in a typical Algeria water treatment plant, Environ. Eng. Manag. J. (Article in Press). 2017.
[75] J. N. Lester, J. W. Birkett, Microbiology and chemistry for environmental scientists and engineers, 2nd Ed., Routledge, New York, 1999.
[76] A. T. Palin, Disinfection (Ch. 5), Developments in water treatment—2, W. M. Lewis (Ed.), Applied Science Publishers LTD, London, 1980.
[77] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, From chemical disinfection to electrodisinfection: The obligatory itinerary?, Desalin. Water Treat. 16 (2010) 156-175.
[78] A. Boucherit, S. Moulay, D. Ghernaout, A. I. Al-Ghonamy, B. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, A. A. Mahjoubi, N. A. Elboughdiri, New trends in disinfection by-products formation upon water treatment, J. Res. Develop. Chem., 2015, DOI: 10.5171/2015.628833.
[79] D. Ghernaout, Microorganisms’ electrochemical disinfection phenomena, EC Microbiol. 9 (2017) 160-169.
[80] E. G. Wagner, R. G. Pinheiro, Upgrading water treatment plants, Spon Press, New York, 2001.
[81] H. Wong, K. M. Mok, X. J. Fan, Natural organic matter and formation of trihalomethanes in two water treatment processes, Desalination 210 (2007) 44-51.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Djamel Ghernaout. (2017). Entropy in the Brownian Motion (BM) and Coagulation Background. Colloid and Surface Science, 2(4), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.css.20170204.14

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Djamel Ghernaout. Entropy in the Brownian Motion (BM) and Coagulation Background. Colloid Surf. Sci. 2017, 2(4), 143-161. doi: 10.11648/j.css.20170204.14

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Djamel Ghernaout. Entropy in the Brownian Motion (BM) and Coagulation Background. Colloid Surf Sci. 2017;2(4):143-161. doi: 10.11648/j.css.20170204.14

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.css.20170204.14,
      author = {Djamel Ghernaout},
      title = {Entropy in the Brownian Motion (BM) and Coagulation Background},
      journal = {Colloid and Surface Science},
      volume = {2},
      number = {4},
      pages = {143-161},
      doi = {10.11648/j.css.20170204.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.css.20170204.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.css.20170204.14},
      abstract = {This review aims to highlight entropy in the Brownian motion (BM) and coagulation process background. In water treatment processes, pertinent questions relating to entropy, BM, and coagulation are often asked: Since entropy measures disorder of a system, does disorder manifest in polluted water with its stable colloids, microorganisms, molecules and ions? Are BM and molecular agitation favourable to separation processes? Since high salinity (as in seawater) decreases the disorder, would be increasing surface water salinity a convenient water treatment process? This review has found some links between entropy, BM, and coagulation such as: entropy is neither ‘disorder’ nor does it has anything to do with ‘mixed-up things’ like disorderly desks or shuffled cards. This review has also detailed the ordinary physical and chemical events whose spontaneity can be seen to be due to energy dispersing or spreading out. Coagulation/flocculation processes are employed to separate suspended solids from water whenever their natural subsidence rates are too slow to provide effective clarification. Adding salts to simply increase the ionic strength is almost never a practical option and other additives would be used; however, in seawater, where ionic strength is higher due to its proper dissolved salts, coagulation process is easier. Photovoltaically aided distillation process using large basins simulating sea open sky distillation process would be the greenest and healthiest water treatment technology.},
     year = {2017}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Entropy in the Brownian Motion (BM) and Coagulation Background
    AU  - Djamel Ghernaout
    Y1  - 2017/12/28
    PY  - 2017
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.css.20170204.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.css.20170204.14
    T2  - Colloid and Surface Science
    JF  - Colloid and Surface Science
    JO  - Colloid and Surface Science
    SP  - 143
    EP  - 161
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9236
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.css.20170204.14
    AB  - This review aims to highlight entropy in the Brownian motion (BM) and coagulation process background. In water treatment processes, pertinent questions relating to entropy, BM, and coagulation are often asked: Since entropy measures disorder of a system, does disorder manifest in polluted water with its stable colloids, microorganisms, molecules and ions? Are BM and molecular agitation favourable to separation processes? Since high salinity (as in seawater) decreases the disorder, would be increasing surface water salinity a convenient water treatment process? This review has found some links between entropy, BM, and coagulation such as: entropy is neither ‘disorder’ nor does it has anything to do with ‘mixed-up things’ like disorderly desks or shuffled cards. This review has also detailed the ordinary physical and chemical events whose spontaneity can be seen to be due to energy dispersing or spreading out. Coagulation/flocculation processes are employed to separate suspended solids from water whenever their natural subsidence rates are too slow to provide effective clarification. Adding salts to simply increase the ionic strength is almost never a practical option and other additives would be used; however, in seawater, where ionic strength is higher due to its proper dissolved salts, coagulation process is easier. Photovoltaically aided distillation process using large basins simulating sea open sky distillation process would be the greenest and healthiest water treatment technology.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia

  • Sections